The Indians were defeated, captured, and sent to Oklahoma permanently. The Modoc War was fought in northeastern California, largely as a result of some Modocs' dissatisfaction with their forced removal to and mistreatment on the Klamath reserve. The treaties, among other things, helped to provoke sporadic warfare throughout the territory between 18. Governor Stevens signed treaties with Indians around Puget Sound, on the northern ocean coast, and in south-central and southeastern Washington, some of which were not ratified until 1858. The Siletz and Grande Ronde reservations, however, were created not by treaty but by executive order, and were thus vulnerable to reduction. Seven treaties in western Oregon, signed in 1853-55 and ratified in 1854-59, extinguished Indian land title in the Willamette Valley and moved unwilling natives on to two reservations outside the valley. Army and removed to distant reservations. When the Indians fought back, in what became the Rogue River War of 1855-56, they were defeated by the miners and U.S. Miners from California flocked to a gold strike on the Rogue River in southern Oregon, and proceeded to mistreat Indians and undermine native subsistence. Oregon's territorial delegates to Congress opposed them. Indian agents signed more than 20 treaties with Oregon Indians, none of which was ratified in the Senate. Settlers filed for 2.5 million acres in western Oregon alone. Indian land title was guaranteed however, the Donation Land Act of 1850 simultaneously offered 320 acres to every settler in the country-thus stimulating a land rush that dispossessed many Indians.
PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIVE AMERICAN FULL
superintendent of Indian affairs-a full three years after the acquisition of the area by the U.S. Oregon governor Joseph Lane became the region's first U.S.
Swan, published in his The Northwest Coast Or, Three Years' Residence in Washington Territory, New York, 1857)
Treaties, and Reservations in the Northwest Lesson Eleven: Overview of American Indian Policies,
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